This climate intervention technique works by converting biomass into bio-oil via pyrolysis, then store in subsurface geological formations or wells for durable carbon sequestration, and it would be mediated by the following key Earth systems: Carbon Cycle and Geosphere–Anthroposphere Coupling. A number of impacts and outcomes would be co-produced, including Store Biomass Carbon Underground, Bio-oil Reactivity / Corrosion, Injectivity / Flow Uncertainty, Subsurface Alteration, and Net Removal Depends on Process Yields.

This climate intervention technique works by increasing the reflectivity of bare-soil or desert surfaces using reflective materials, surface treatments, or engineered ground cover, and it would be mediated by the following key Earth systems: Surface Albedo and Land–Atmosphere Coupling. A number of impacts and outcomes would be co-produced, including Reflect More Sunlight, Surface Heat-Flux Shift, Regional Circulation Change, Soil / Dust / Habitat Effects, and Precipitation Response.

This climate intervention technique works by spreading crushed silicate rocks onto land to accelerate natural weathering reactions that draw down CO₂ and store it as bicarbonate or carbonate minerals, and it would be mediated by the following key Earth systems: Carbon Cycle and Soil–Ocean Coupling. A number of impacts and outcomes would be co-produced, including Remove CO₂, Soil pH / Alkalinity Shift, Nutrient / Trace-Metal Release, Downstream Water-Chemistry Change, and Secondary Mineral Formation.

This climate intervention technique works by injecting captured CO₂ deep into geological formations (i.e., saline aquifers or depleted reservoirs) for long-term underground storage, and it would be mediated by the following key Earth systems: Carbon Cycle and Geosphere Storage. A number of impacts and outcomes would be co-produced, including Store CO₂ Underground, Pressure Buildup / Brine Displacement, Induced Seismicity Risk, Groundwater Chemistry Change, and Progressive Trapping Evolution.

This climate intervention technique works by exposing, aerating, or irrigating reactive mine waste and tailings to accelerate natural carbonation and weathering, using already-excavated material for CO₂ removal, and it would be mediated by the following key Earth systems: Carbon Cycle and Geosphere–Anthroposphere Coupling. A number of impacts and outcomes would be co-produced, including Remove CO₂, Alkalinity / Leachate Shift, Metal Mobilisation Risk, Passivation / Rate Slowdown, and Dust / Surface Disturbance.

This climate intervention technique works by reacting captured CO₂ with minerals in controlled facilities to produce stable carbonate solids for long-term storage, and it would be mediated by the following key Earth systems: Carbon Mineralisation and Geosphere Storage. A number of impacts and outcomes would be co-produced, including Lock CO₂ into Carbonates, Reaction Heat / pH Shift, Pore / Permeability Change, Metal / Brine Chemistry Shift, and Passivation / Kinetic Slowdown.

This climate intervention technique works by installing engineered barriers or amendments in wetland, lake, or seabed sediments to increase methane-consuming microbial or geochemical activity before methane escapes, and it would be mediated by the following key Earth systems: Methane Oxidation and Geosphere–Hydrosphere Coupling. A number of impacts and outcomes would be co-produced, including Oxidise Methane Before Release, Limited Treatment Radius, Redox Cycling Shift, Sulfide / Carbonate Formation, and Microbial Community Reorganisation.